Quality appraisal evaluation scores for reviewed studies
| Author | Type of study | Research ethically carried out* | Theoretical and practical importance of the research* | Clarity and basis of research question or hypotheses† | Appropriate- ness of sample selection† | Extent to which methods were appropriate and rigorous‡ | Clarity and coherence of the research‡ | Appropriateness of data analysis and inferences made§ | Consideration given to establishing validity and reliability¶ | Overall |
| Anderson et al (2009)10 | QUANTITATIVE | High/medium | High | Medium | Medium | N/A | N/A | Medium | N/A | Medium |
| Asghari et al (2009)12 | QUANTITATIVE | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | N/A | N/A | Medium | N/A | Medium |
| Engel et al (2006)35 | QUALITATIVE | High/medium | High | High/medium | High/medium | Medium | High | Medium | High | High/medium |
| Ferrús et al (2016)41 | QUALITATIVE | Medium | High | High/medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | Medium | High/medium | Medium |
| Ghalandarpoorattar et al (2012)14 | QUANTITATIVE | Low | High | Medium/low | Medium | N/A | N/A | Low | n/a | Low/medium |
| Harrison et al (2013)40 | QUANTITATIVE | High | High | High | High/medium | N/A | N/A | High | N/A | High/medium |
| Harrison et al (2014)15 | QUANTITATIVE | High | High | High | High | N/A | N/A | High | N/A | High |
| Joesten et al (2015)36 | QUANTITATIVE | High/medium | High | High | Low/medium | N/A | N/A | Medium | N/A | Medium |
| Loren et al (2008)13 | QUANTITATIVE | High | High | High | High | N/A | N/A | Medium | N/A | High/medium |
| Martinez and Lehmann (2013)11 | QUANTITATIVE | High/medium | High | High | Medium/high | N/A | N/A | Medium/High | N/A | High/medium |
| Martinez et al (2014)37 | QUANTITATIVE | High/medium | High | High/medium | High | N/A | N/A | High | N/A | High/medium |
| May et al (2012)38 | QUALITATIVE | High | High | High | High | High/medium | High | High/medium | Medium | High/medium |
| Mira et al (2015)42 | QUANTITATIVE | Medium | High | High | High/medium | N/A | N/A | Medium | N/A | High/medium |
| Plews-Ogan et al (2016)39 | MIXED METHODS | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | High | High |
| Rinaldi et al (2016)49 | QUALITATIVE | Low/medium | Medium/high | Medium | Low | Low/medium | Low | Medium/High | Low | Low/medium |
| Scott et al (2009)17 | QUALITATIVE | High | High | High/medium | Medium/high | High | High | High | High/medium | High/medium |
| Ullstrom et al (2014)43 | QUALITATIVE | High/medium | High | High | High/medium | High | High | High | High | High/medium |
| Van Gerven et al a (2016)44 | QUANTITATIVE | High | High | High | High/medium | High | High | High | High | High/medium |
| Van Gerven et al b (2016)45 | QUANTITATIVE | High | High | High | High/medium | High | High | High | High | High/medium |
*All studies (Cohen and Crabtree, 2008).33
†All studies (Briner and Denyer, 2012).32
‡Qualitative studies (Briner and Denyer, 2012).32
§All studies (Briner and Denyer, 2012).32
¶Quantitative studies (Spencer et al, 2003).34