Table 2

Characteristics and aims of the selected studies

Study	Study design	Aim	Setting	Participants	Leadership intervention	Implementation year
Dobson et al 31 Leadership training in the undergraduate medical curriculum	Not stated	To address the need for leadership in the curriculum via a student-selected component	Hull York Medical School	Fourth year medical students	3-day programme as a student-selected component	Not stated
Clark et al 35 Teaching medical students to recognise their strengths and limitations in leadership, teamwork and communication by military led tutorials	Not stated	To use military-based teaching for leadership development and identification of strengths and weaknesses	Cardiff University	Third year medical students	1-hour teaching session by Wales Universities’ Officer Training Corps	Not stated
Byrne et al 30 Enhancing medical students’ leadership skills through student-selected components	Case study	To supply leadership knowledge and skills practice for interested students	Queen Mary University of London	Fourth and fifth year medical students	A 2-year student selected programme and the registration of a Leadership and Management in Medicine student society	2013–2015
Earis et al 36 Experiential learning, leadership, medical students and the army	Not stated	To challenge students and teach leadership through experiential army-based learning	University of Liverpool	Not stated	Military exercises at an army site	2014–2015
Matthews et al 32 Teaching leadership: the medical student society model	Not stated	To teach medical leadership and management through educational and experiential opportunities	University of Birmingham	Not stated	16 extracurricular leadership talks by the Birmingham Medical Leadership Society over 2 years	2013
O’Brien et al 27 Teaching clinical leadership to medical students	Not stated	To design explicit leadership teaching for medical students	St George’s University of London	Preclinical medical students	2 lectures on leadership, initiation of the ‘George’s Award’ and a clinical attachment	Not stated
Ellington and Farrukh37 Are battlefield and prehospital trauma scenarios an effective educational tool to teach leadership and crisis resource management skills to undergraduate medical students?	Prospective observational	To test students’ clinical and non-technical skills through high fidelity simulations	Cambridge University	Clinical medical students	1-day battlefield and prehospital trauma course by the Cambridge University Emergency Medicine Society and 254 Medical Regiment	Not stated
Selway et al 33 Embedding leadership in undergraduate medical students: an active approach	Not stated	To show students that leadership behaviour is impactful regardless of positional authority	University of Buckingham	Third year medical students	A student-selected course of clinical leadership	Not stated
Chapman et al 34 Leadership development in undergraduate medical education: evaluation of students’ perceptions of a student-selected leadership module	Thematic analysis	To evaluate students’ perspectives on a completed leadership student-selected component for programme development	University of Glasgow	Third and fourth year medical students	5-week student selected component	2015