Sample’s characteristics (N=296*)
| Variables | N (%)* |
| Gender | |
| Male | 87 (29.4) |
| Female | 209 (70.6) |
| Marital status | |
| Single | 236 (79.9) |
| Married | 85 (19.6) |
| Separated/divorced | 2 (0.5) |
| Shift worked | |
| Day (12 hours) | 143 (48.3) |
| Evening (12 hours) | 49 (16.5) |
| Night (8 hours) | 12 (4.1) |
| Rotating (A, B, C) | 92 (31.1) |
| Commitment to work | |
| Full-time worker | 218 (73.6) |
| Part-time worker | 78 (26.4) |
| Level of education | |
| Diploma | 20 (6.8) |
| Baccalaureate | 236 (79.7) |
| Master’s | 34 (11.5) |
| Doctorate | 6 (2.0) |
| Age (years) | |
| Less than 25 | 229 (77.4) |
| 25–34 | 45 (15.2) |
| 35–44 | 19 (6.4) |
| 45 and more | 3 (1.0) |
| Years of experience in nursing | |
| Less than 1 | 166 (56.1) |
| 1–2 | 51 (17.2) |
| 3–4 | 44 (14.9) |
| 5–9 | 16 (5.4) |
| 10 or more | 19 (6.4) |
| Years of experience in leadership | |
| Less than 1 | 221 (74.7) |
| 1–2 | 43 (14.5) |
| 3–4 | 18 (6.1) |
| 5–9 | 8 (2.7) |
| 10 or more | 6 (2.0) |
| Number of employees under the direct supervision | |
| 1–2 | 145 (49.0) |
| 3–5 | 99 (33.4) |
| 6–10 | 31 (10.5) |
| 11–20 | 11 (3.7) |
| 21 and more | 10 (3.4) |
| Type of unit/ward | |
| Units | 212 (71.6) |
| Wards | 84 (28.4) |
| Model of nursing care | |
| Primary | 81 (27.4) |
| Team | 162 (54.7) |
| Functional | 34 (11.5) |
| Unit/ward’s decision-making style | |
| Authoritative—unilateral | 65 (22.0) |
| Participating—bilateral | 113 (38.2) |
| Mixed | 94 (31.7) |
| Unclear | 24 (8.1) |
| Have formal leadership-related education | |
| Yes | 191 (64.5) |
| No | 105 (35.5) |
| Have formal management-related education | |
| Yes | 86 (29.1) |
| No | 210 (70.9) |
*Some totals did not equal 296 because of missing values.