Item | Mean (SD) | Rating 1 n (%) | Rating 2 n (%) | Rating 3 n (%) | Rating 4 n (%) | Rating 5 n (%) |
5. I can list my three greatest strengths. | 3.88 (2.49) | 14 (4.5) | 15 (4.8) | 72 (23.2) | 139 (44.8) | 70 (22.6) |
15. I listen very carefully to the ideas of others before making decisions. | 3.73(0.93) | 9 (2.9) | 13 (4.2) | 96 (30.8) | 128 (41.0) | 66 (21.2) |
14. My morals guide what I do as a leader. | 3.72 (1.03) | 10 (3.2) | 28 (9.1) | 74 (23.9) | 121 (39.2) | 76 (24.6) |
13. I accept the feelings I have about myself. | 3.66 (1.01) | 14 (4.5) | 24 (7.8) | 73 (23.6) | 139 (45.0) | 59 (19.1) |
1. I can list my three greatest weaknesses. | 3.59 (1.02) | 16 (5.1) | 20 (6.4) | 96 (30.7) | 123 (39.3) | 58 (18.5) |
2. My actions reflect my core values. | 3.59 (1.06) | 16 (5.1) | 27 (8.6) | 89 (28.4) | 117 (37.4) | 64 (20.4) |
8. I let others know who I truly am as a person. | 3.59 (1.00) | 8 (2.6) | 35 (11.2) | 94 (30.0) | 116 (37.1) | 60 (19.2) |
7. I listen closely to the ideas of those who disagree with me. | 3.58(0.98) | 11 (3.5) | 31 (9.9) | 84 (26.8) | 139 (44.4) | 48 (15.3) |
9. I seek feedback as a way of understanding who I really am as a person. | 3.57 (1.02) | 11 (3.5) | 30 (9.6) | 99 (31.8) | 110 (35.4) | 61 (19.6) |
3. I seek others' opinions before making up my own mind. | 3.55 (1.45) | 14 (4.6) | 24 (7.8) | 112 (36.5) | 109 (35.5) | 48 (15.6) |
6. I do not allow group pressure to control me. | 3.42 (1.06) | 17 (5.4) | 39 (12.5) | 97 (31.1) | 111 (35.6) | 48 (15.4) |
11. I do not emphasise my own point of view at the expense of others. | 3.41(0.96) | 10 (3.2) | 38 (12.1) | 117 (37.4) | 109 (34.8) | 39 (12.5) |
16. I admit my mistakes to others. | 3.39 (3.11) | 22 (7.0) | 49 (15.7) | 113 (36.1) | 90 (28.8) | 39 (12.4) |
10. Other people know where I stand on controversial issues. | 3.34(0.99) | 11 (3.5) | 44 (14.1) | 124 (39.6) | 93 (29.7) | 41 (13.1) |
12. I rarely present a ‘false’ front to others. | 3.33 (1.02) | 15 (4.8) | 42 (13.4) | 121 (38.7) | 94 (30.0) | 41 (13.1) |
4. I openly share my feelings with others. | 3.18 (1.15) | 27 (8.7) | 57 (18.3) | 102 (32.8) | 80 (25.7) | 45 (14.5) |
A total score of an authentic leadership scale | 56.35±0.11.90 | |||||
Mean score of an authentic leadership subscale | 3.53±0.74 | |||||
A total score of the self-awareness subscale | 14.61±4.00 | |||||
Mean score of the self-awareness subscale | 3.68±0.98 | |||||
A total score of the internalised moral subscale | 14.04±3.18 | |||||
Mean score of the internalised moral subscale | 3.52±0.79 | |||||
A total score of the balanced processing subscale | 14.20±3.08 | |||||
Mean score of the balanced processing subscale | 3.57±0.76 | |||||
A total score of the relational transparency subscale | 13.49±4.41 | |||||
Mean score of the relational transparency subscale | 3.37±1.10 |
Rating of 1=strongly disagree, 2=disagree, 3=neutral, 4=agree and 5=strongly agree; some totals do not equal to 314 because of missing data.