Career development
| Author | Year | Participants | Type of study | Study objective | Findings |
| Jonasson16 | 1993 | American College of Surgeons (ACS) | Review | To establish the barriers for women surgeons career advancement | Multiple factors impede advancement which include: stereotypes, sexism and family demands. |
| Jonasson6 | 2002 | ACS Membership | Survey | To understand the representation of women in leadership roles in surgery | Percentage of women in societies in 2001: ACS 4.4% ASA 2.2 % Society of University Surgeons 3.3% Percentage of women among the board of directors of ABMS certifying boards 12 (6.3%) |
| Ahmadiyeh et al 17 | 2010 | Surgeons | Qualitative | To identify elements of career satisfaction for women surgery | Women value a career which values the whole person beyond surgery |
| Zhuge et al 7 | 2011 | Review | To review the glass-ceiling phenomenon in surgery and identify causes strategies | The glass-ceiling phenomenon is impacted by three themes: gender roles, sexism and lack of mentors. | |
| Sexton et al 5 | 2012 | Members of the American Association of Medical Colleges | Survey | To determine the distribution of men and women across professional rank and to estimate when 50% of professorship will be women | Rate of women surgeons progressing to full professorship is a slow slope of line of increase compared with rate of women entering medicine, and surgery (0.36 vs 0.75 vs 0.99) |
| Healy et al 18 | 2012 | Review of literature | To understand the definition of role model, mentoring in surgery | Women (75%) identified role models and mentors as positive but challenging to identify a women surgeon mentor. | |
| Weiss et al 8 | 2013 | Residents in Surgical Residency in the U.S. Residents in medical schools Programme Chairs/Directors | Survey -cohort study | To determine the number of women in leadership positions as either a Chair, Programme Director (PD), Chief and Associate Director (AD) | Percentage of Women in the following positions: Chairs 8 (3%) PD 25 (10%) Chiefs 157 (10%) AD 35 (24%) |
| Cochran et al 19 | 2013 | Surgical Residents and Faculty | Survey | To find out if women surgeons perceive different barriers than men counterparts in academia | Women surgeons feel and perceive excluded from the dominant culture in surgical departments |
| Seemann et al 4 | 2016 | Women surgeons across Canadian Academic Centers | Survey | To explore women advancement and career satisfaction in surgery | Lack of gender equality, appropriate mentorship and accommodations for women |
AAOS, American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons; ABMS, American Board of Medical Specialties; ASA, American Surgical Association.