Typologies of co-production, systems leadership behaviours and public sector management
| Doing To | Doing For | Doing with | |
| In practice | Top down decisions, telling people what to do | Well-intentioned care or policymaking but with the power differential firmly in place | Mutual respect, equality, and shared responsibility in 121 care and at a strategic level |
| United Nations public sector administration report (2005)27 | Old public administration model focused on compliance and outputs - ‘professionals know best’ | New Public Management- emphasis on serving ‘customers’, in a business-like and efficient way - ‘you said, we did’ | Responsive governance; empowerment of and partnership with citizens and stakeholders and greater emphasis on participation and collaboration |
| Arnstein’s Ladder of Participation (1969)28 | Informing, manipulating | Placating, consulting | Citizens in control, delegated power, partnership |
| Carman et al’s framework for engagement (2013)29 | Giving information | Consulting through surveys and focus groups; asking about individual preferences; having patient reps to ‘advise’ | Shared decisions, based on equal relationships; equal representation on decision-making boards, co-leadership of improvement initiatives |
| Slay and Stephens Coproduction ladder (2013)30 | Informing, educating, coercing | Engaging and consulting | Co-production and genuine involvement |
| Senge’s systems leadership behaviours (1990)15 | Telling, selling | Testing, consulting | Co-creating |