Table 2

Data extraction table: characteristics of included studies

Reference	Country and research setting	New technology	Methods	Study participants	Key findings
Morland and Pettersen8	Norway, hospitals	Speech recogniser	Interviews, document analysis, observations	Physicians and secretaries	Physicians diversely adjust to the new technology. In the translation process, powerful actors (physicians) influence outcome of changes and thus they affect the effectiveness of the change initiatives.
Bjørkquist, Forss and Samuelsen 10	Norway, multiple settings	Telecare/ electronic device: personal alarms	Interviews, group interviews	Front-line staff members middle managers	The new technology does not simplify collaboration or solve collaboration challenges; it just limits information to written form.
Swinkels et al11	Netherlands, primary healthcare services	eHealth	Interviews and focus groups	Healthcare professionals and patients	For sustainable use of eHealth, primary healthcare professionals need to be reinforced in their management.
Tintorer et al 12	Spain, primary healthcare services	Virtual communities of practice	Descriptive-interpretative qualitative study using focus groups and interviews	Physicians and nurse with different positions within the organisation (healthcare or managerial)	In order to make the most of its potential in terms of care and education, organisational changes are required to foster greater use.
Randell et al13	England, hospitals	Robot-assisted surgery	Realist interview study	Surgeons, surgical trainees, theatre nurses, operating department practitioners and anaesthetists	Motivation among team members to persist with robot-assisted surgery can be achieved without involvement in the initial decision to purchase a robot, but training that enables team members to feel confident as they take on the new tasks is essential.
Beane14	USA, hospitals	Robot-assisted surgery	Observations and interviews	Surgeons, nurses, scrubs, residents, theatre nurses and anaesthetists	The practice of robotic surgery greatly limited trainees’ role in the work, making approved methods ineffective. Learning surgery in this context required ‘shadow learning’: an interconnected set of norm-challenging and policy-challenging practices enacted extensively, opportunistically and in relative isolation that allowed only a minority of robotic surgical trainees to come to competence.
Black et al15	USA, hospitals	CT scanning	Interpretative qualitative research	Radiologists and technologists	A balance of expertise across occupational boundaries in operating the technology creates a pattern in which the benefits of the new technology are likely to be realised most rapidly.
Edmonson et al16	USA, hospitals	Technology for cardiac surgery	Observations and interviews	Operating room team, hospital administrators, cardiologists, intensive care unit nurses and general unit (floor) nurses	There is a positive influence of psychological safety on collective team learning and establishing new routines during technology implementation.
Barret et al17	England, hospital pharmacies	Pharmaceutical-dispensing robot	Observations and interviews	Pharmacists, technicians, assistants, administrative workers	Engagement with robots over time reconfigured boundary relations among the three occupational groups, with important and contradictory consequences for the pharmacy workers’ skills, status and visibility.
Gherardi18	Italy, telecardiology centres	Telecardiological consultancy	Observations and interviews	General practitioners, cardiologists	As telecardiology comes into use, it is inscribed more in the social practice of reassurance than in the medical one of preventing and dealing with emergencies.
Korica and Moloy19	England, hospitals	Telemedicine	Interviews	Senior surgeons	The article draws attention to how new technologies provide occasions for the evaluation of existing intraprofessional and interprofessional relationships and professional identity as a whole.
Nicolini20	Italy, telecardiology call centres	Telemedicine	Observations and interviews	Managers, cardiologists, nurses, technicians, general practitioners of monitored patients	The study argues that in order to cope with the expansion of their activity after implementation of telecardiological consultancy, practitioners had to face three main practical problems: they had to redistribute their work and tasks among human and non-human elements, they had to reframe the ways in which the activity was made accountable and they had to reconfigure the relationships between all those involved.
Segar et al21	England, telehealth call centres	Telehealth	Interviews and observations	Telehealth nurse care managers, practice nurses and general practitioners	‘Commissioners and professionals who wish to integrate telehealth innovations into existing primary care services for LTCs need to pay attention to how changes in service delivery impact on professionals’ perceptions of their role and identity. Without this, the introduction of telehealth may lead to resistance and inter- and intra-professional rivalries’ (p. 612).
Gagnon et al22	Canada, hospital	Telehealth	Interviews	Medical directors, director’s assistant, administrators, physicians	The study highlights the relevance of considering the characteristics and the dynamics of healthcare organisations at each stage of telehealth implementation in order to take their specific needs into account.
Pelikan et al23	USA, hospital	Surgical robot	interviews and video data	Surgical staff (surgeons, residents, student, first assistants, anaesthesiologist, scrub nurses, circulator nurses and charge nurse)	Description of new forms of physical, cognitive and affective distance associated with tele-operated robotic surgery and the effects of teleoperated robotic on power distribution, practice and collaborative experience within the surgical team.
Stevens and van Schaik 24	Netherlands, hospitals	Endovascular techniques	Interviews	Surgical staff (surgeons, anaesthesiologist, scrub nurses, radiologist)	Relational and cognitive embeddedness factors support team learning, which in turn enables the team to achieve its self-set goals of treating more patients, offering more tailor-made care and providing endovascular treatment in emergency situations.
Petrakaki et al25	England, hospital	Electronic patient record	Interviews and document analysis	Healthcare professionals, managers and members of the technical team	Identical technologies afford different changes in professional roles and structures depending on how technology is interpreted in the context of its use.
Petrakaki and Kornelakis26	England, NHS trusts	Electronic patient record	Interviews and document analysis	Healthcare professionals, managers and members of the technical team	‘The implication of technology in professional work conditions processes of task routinization that constrain autonomy, and enables reallocation of discretion between professional groups’ (p. 223).
Mathieu-Fritz et al27	France, hospital	Telemedicine	Observation of video teleconsultations and interviews	Dermatologists, surgeons, neurologists, geriatricians, cardiologists and speech therapists	Changes in interactions observable in teleconsultations encourage changes in terms of professional practices themselves.
Meyer and Paré28	Canada, telemedicine centres	Telemedicine/intraoperative consultations	Observations and interviews	Technologists, surgeons and pathologists	After implementation of the new technology, accountability became less collective and more individual and contractual, resulting in more marked boundaries between professional groups.
Sergeeva et al29	Netherlands, hospital	da Vinci robot	Observations and interviews	Surgical staff	The robot brings a new spatial distribution of roles and activities next to and away from the patients’ body, transforms work relations and triggers a new order of space use, yielding expertise movement and altering visibility.
Bergey et al30	USA, hospitals	Health information technology	Observations and interviews	Nursing team	The implementation of health information technology generated significant reconfigurations of work practices at the expense of nurse–patient interaction. Following such changes, nursing leadership described a realignment in staffing in order to have more versatile staff and task delegation of largely invisible work to unit clerks.
Barley31	USA, hospitals	CT scanning	Observations and interviews	Radiologists and technologists	Technology can alter institutionalised roles and patterns of interaction at work.
Burri32	Europe and USA, MRI centres	Magnet resonance imaging technology	Interviews, documents and fieldwork	Radiologists, technologists and other medical specialists	Technology serves as a tool to demonstrate professional skills and power and to renegotiate identity.