Principal component analysis (PCA) resulting in the personal leadership skills (PLS) and physician as active participant-architect in the healthcare system (APA) subscales*
| LEADER tool item | Subscale | |
| PLS 0.81† | APA 0.78† | |
| The resident physician is respectful. | 0.726 | 0.145 |
| The resident physician is honest. | 0.589 | 0.129 |
| The resident physician is an effective verbal communicator. | 0.682 | 0.394 |
| The resident physician is an effective written communicator. | 0.279 | 0.587 |
| The resident physician is an active listener. | 0.784 | 0.199 |
| The resident physician is an effective team member. | 0.781 | 0.184 |
| The resident physician can manage their own emotional states. | −0.007 | 0.846 |
| The resident physician demonstrates situational awareness. | 0.566 | 0.579 |
| The resident physician anticipates patient safety problems. | 0.594 | 0.531‡ |
| The resident physician advocates for patients. | 0.515 | 0.484‡ |
*Items 1, 2, 3, 5 and 6 loaded on the first factor. Items 4, 7 and 8 loaded on the second factor. Items 9 and 10, however had similar factor loadings on the first and second factor (a 0.06 and 0.03 difference, respectively). Thus after a discussion with the research team, a review of the literature and reliability analysis of the subscales, items 9 and 10 were determined to best fit within the APA subscale because these items measured the residents’ ability to anticipate patient safety problems and advocate for patients, which are important activities in the healthcare system. The Cronbach’s alpha for the PLS subscale is 0.81 for the five items. The Cronbach’s alpha for the APA was 0.78. Table 2 shows the results of the PCA of the LEADER items and the subscales.
†Denotes Cronbach’s alpha value for internal consistency.
‡Included in the APA subscale based on research team discussions, review of the literature and internal consistency analysis.
LEADER, Learning by Evaluation from All-Inclusive 360 Degree Engagement of Residents.